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Anatolian Languages
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== Subregions of Anatolia (and Surroundings) == * <u>Lydia</u>: W Anatolia, bordered by <u>Mysia</u> to the north, <u>Phrygia</u> to the east, <u>Caria</u> to the south, and the <u>Aegean Sea</u> to the west. * <u>Troas</u> (Troad): NW Anatolia, around the <u>Hellespont</u> (Dardanelles), bordered by the <u>Aegean Sea</u> and <u>Mysia</u>. * <u>Mysia</u>: NW Anatolia, north of <u>Lydia</u> and east of the <u>Aegean Sea</u>, including the southern shore of the <u>Sea of Marmara</u>, bordering <u>Bithynia</u> to the east. * <u>Caria</u>: SW Anatolia, north of <u>Lycia</u>, south of <u>Lydia</u> and <u>Mysia</u>, bordering the <u>Aegean Sea</u> to the west. * <u>Pisidia</u>: SW Anatolia, in the interior north of <u>Lycia</u> and <u>Pamphylia</u>, south of <u>Phrygia</u>. * <u>Lycia</u>: S coast of Anatolia, between <u>Caria</u> to the west and <u>Pamphylia</u> to the east. * <u>Pamphylia</u>: S-Central coast of Anatolia, between <u>Lycia</u> to the west and <u>Cilicia</u> to the east. * <u>Cilicia</u>: SE Anatolia, along the <u>Mediterranean</u> coast, east of <u>Pamphylia</u>; includes <u>Cilicia Trachea</u> (rough, mountainous region) and <u>Cilicia Pedias</u> (flat, fertile region). * <u>Cappadocia</u>: Central Anatolia, east of <u>Phrygia</u>, north of <u>Cilicia</u>, and west of the <u>Euphrates River</u>. * <u>Armenia</u>: E of <u>Cappadocia</u> beyond the <u>Euphrates River</u>, traditionally divided into <u>Lesser Armenia</u> (west) and <u>Greater Armenia</u> (east). * <u>Pontus</u>: N Anatolia, along the southern coast of the <u>Black Sea</u>, east of <u>Bithynia</u> and <u>Paphlagonia</u>. * <u>Paphlagonia</u>: N Anatolia, along the <u>Black Sea</u>, between <u>Bithynia</u> to the west and <u>Pontus</u> to the east. * <u>Bithynia</u>: NW Anatolia, east of <u>Mysia</u>, bordering the <u>Black Sea</u> to the north and <u>Phrygia</u> to the south. * <u>Thracia</u> (Thrace): Not in Anatolia but closely connected in various historical periods. Located to the northwest of Anatolia, across the Hellespont (Dardanelles), it includes parts of modern-day Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey. * <u>Syria</u>: Not in Anatolia, but closely connected in various historical periods. Southwest of <u>Cilicia</u>, extending south along the eastern <u>Mediterranean</u> coast. * <u>Mesopotamia</u>: Not in Anatolia, but closely connected in various historical periods. Located between the <u>Tigris River</u> and <u>Euphrates River</u>, covering modern-day <u>Iraq</u>, parts of northeastern <u>Syria</u>, southeastern <u>Türkiye</u>, and southwestern <u>Iran</u>. Divided into: <u>Northern Mesopotamia</u> (<u>Assyria</u>), characterized by hills and plains; <u>Southern Mesopotamia</u> (<u>Sumer</u>), which features flat, alluvial plains. The earliest recovered documents from <u>Anatolia</u> are the '''Cappadocian tablets''', which date to before 1700 BCE; however, they are written in <u>Old Assyrian</u>, a dialect of <u>Akkadian</u>, and represents the presence of <u>Assyrian</u> trade colonies rather than reflecting the linguistic landscape of <u>Anatolia</u> itself. It is a [[Semitic Languages|<u>Semitic</u> language]], closely associated with other languages from the <u>Fertile Crescent</u>. The prominence of <u>Old Assyrian</u> is closely linked to the commercial activities of <u>Assyrian</u> merchants, who established a network of trade outposts across the region, with the most notable being at '''Nesha''' / '''Kanesh''' (modern <u>Kültepe, Turkey</u>). The disappearance of these <u>Assyrian</u> trade colonies from <u>Anatolia</u> and the concurrent rise of the <u>Hittite Empire</u> in <u>central Anatolia</u> marked a significant linguistic transition in the region. This change was not merely the replacement of one language by another but reflected broader shifts in political power, economic structures, and cultural exchanges. The exact date when <u>Indo-European</u> peoples entered the <u>Anatolian</u> region is unknown but is generally held to be in the 3rd millennium BCE. The first language of the <u>Anatolian</u> sub-family attested in history is '''Hattian''', a pre-Indo-European language that is believed to be a '''language isolate''' with no known genealogical links to other languages. Generally, the <u>Indo-European Anatolian</u> languages (that followed <u>Hattian</u>) are split into four sub-divisions: <u>Palaic</u> (<u>northern Anatolia</u>), <u>Hittite</u> (<u>central Anatolia</u>), <u>Luwic</u> (<u>southern Anatolia</u>), and <u>Lydian</u> (<u>western Anatolia</u>).
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