Editing Iliad (section)

=== The Embassy to Achilles (Ἰλιάς Θ - Iliás Th) ===
Book 9 illustrates a pivotal moment in the epic, focusing not on the clash of arms but on the power of persuasion and the complexities of honor and pride. It presents the Achaeans' attempt to reconcile with Achilles, their greatest warrior, who has withdrawn from the battle due to a dispute with Agamemnon over the dishonor shown to him. With Zeus's support, the Trojans, led by Hector, press the Achaeans back towards their ships, threatening the Achaean camp and fleet. The Achaeans face a dire situation, prompting a reconsideration of the conflict with Achilles, whose absence severely weakens their position. Agamemnon, recognizing the gravity of Achilles' absence, sends an embassy comprising Odysseus, Ajax, and Phoenix (Φοῖνιξ, Phoînix) to persuade Achilles to return to the fight. He offers a substantial reconciliation gift, including the return of Briseis, whom he had taken from Achilles, causing the initial rift, along with other rich rewards. Despite the generous offer and the pleas of the envoys, Achilles remains unmoved; he harbors deep resentment towards Agamemnon for the perceived slight and questions the value of the honor (τιμή) and glory (κλέος) obtained through war. Achilles declares his intention to return home to Phthia. The embassy's attempt to persuade Achilles showcases the importance of oratory and persuasion in ancient Greek society; the speeches of Odysseus, Phoenix, and Ajax reflect different strategies to sway Achilles, underscoring the power of words alongside martial prowess.

* Odysseus, known for his cunning and eloquence, presents a logical argument to Achilles. He begins by recounting Agamemnon's offer, detailing the gifts and honors that will be bestowed upon Achilles should he return to the fight. This includes the return of Briseis, whom Agamemnon had taken from Achilles, sparking the initial conflict, along with additional wealth and future marital connections. Odysseus emphasizes the opportunity for Achilles to achieve unparalleled glory by turning the tide of the war. He highlights the pragmatic aspects of the offer, and the tangible benefits Achilles would gain, appealing to Achilles' sense of honor and the legacy he could secure.
* Phoenix adopts a more emotional and personal approach, drawing on his close relationship with Achilles. He recounts his own history and the role he played in raising Achilles, essentially appealing to Achilles as a father figure might; he uses stories and lessons from the past, including references to figures from mythology, to impart moral lessons about anger, pride, and the value of reconciliation. Phoenix emphasizes the pain and regret that come from letting anger dictate one's actions, appealing to Achilles' better nature and the values Phoenix himself instilled in him.
* Ajax, known for his strength and straightforwardness, employs a direct approach. He criticizes Achilles for his stubbornness and inability to forgive, pointing out the negative impact of his absence on the Achaean forces and the dishonor it brings to him. He emphasizes the solidarity of the Achaean warriors and the collective responsibility they share in the war and appeals to Achilles' sense of duty to his fellow warriors and the shame that his continued absence will bring upon him and his family.

Achilles' reflections on mortality and the choice between a long, uneventful life and a brief, glorious existence encapsulate the existential dilemmas faced by the Homeric heroes. His decision underscores the personal agency within the constraints of fate and divine will.